How does the immune system respond to disease?

Our immune system is critical to our survival. While not an associated system, our bodies would be a hospitable attack from microorganisms, viruses, parasites, and more. it is our system that supports our health, as we tend to drift across the ocean of pathogens.

This huge network of cells and tissues is constantly on the lookout for invaders, connected, as soon as the enemy is seen, a chic attack is installed.

The immune system is deployed throughout the body and includes many types of cells, organs, proteins, and tissues. The important thing is that it will distinguish our tissue from foreign tissue - itself and not-I. Dead and faulty cells are recognized and deleted by the system.

If the immune system encounters an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite, it causes the intended reaction. Later we will look at how this works, but first, we will present the number of characters in the system.

White blood cells

White blood cells are known as white blood cells. They penetrate into the body into the blood vessels and, consequently, into the vessels of body fluids that are parallel to the veins and arteries.

White blood cells constantly patrol and look for pathogenic microorganisms. after they realize the goal, they begin to multiply and send signals to identify different types of cells to try to make identical.

Our white blood cells are contained in several places inside the body that grow as organs of the body’s fluid. They include the following:

• Thymus - the organ between the lungs and just below the neck.

• Spleen is an associated organ that filters blood. It is located in the upper left abdomen.

• Bone marrow - located in the center of the bones, it also produces red blood cells.

• Lymph nodes - small glands located throughout the body, connected by the body’s fluid vessels.

There are 2 main types of white blood cells:

1. Phagocytes

These cells surround and absorb pathogens and destroy them, effectively absorbing them. There are many options, including:

• Neutrophils are the most common type of vegetative cell that has a tendency to attack microorganisms.

• Monocytes are the largest varieties and have many roles.

• Macrophages - they patrol pathogens and additionally remove dead and dying cells.

• Mast cells - they need many roles, as well as for the treatment of wounds and protection against pathogens.

2. Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes help the body remember previous invaders and recognize them if they are ready to attack again.

Lymphocytes begin their life in the bone marrow. Some remain in the bone marrow and turn into B-lymphocytes (B-cells), others go into the thymus and become T-lymphocytes (T-cells). These 2 types of cells play completely different roles:

• B-lymphocytes - they produce antibodies and help prevent T-lymphocytes.

• T-lymphocytes - they destroy damaged cells in the body and help prevent various white blood cells.

How does the immune system response?

The system must be ready to distinguish itself from the non-self. It is thanks to the detective work that proteins are found on the surface of all cells. He learns to ignore his own or his own proteins in the early stages of association.

A substance is a concomitant substance that will cause a reaction. In some cases, the concomitant may be a bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, or foreign body. however, it may even be one of our own cells that is malfunctioning or dead. Initially, many cell species work together to recognize a substance as an associative intruder.

The role of lymphocytes

As soon as B-lymphocytes detect a substance, they begin to secrete antibodies (an antigen is an abbreviation for “antibody generators”). Antibodies are special proteins that bind to specific antigens.

Each lymphocyte forms one specific protein. for example, one can create an associated protein against a microorganism that causes a respiratory disease and the other can recognize a respiratory disease virus.

Antibodies are part of a huge family of chemicals known as immunoglobulins, which play several roles in the immune response:

• Immunoglobulin G (IgG) - marks microbes, so different cells recognize and fight them.

• IgM - knows well how to kill microorganisms.

• IgA - is collected in a liquid, such as tears and spitting, wherever it protects the passages into the body.

• IgE - protects against parasites and, besides, is guilty of allergies.

• IgD - remains specific for B-lymphocytes, serving them to initiate the reaction.

Antibodies are fixed on the substance but do not kill it, only death is noted. The murder is the work of different cells, such as phagocytes.

The role of T lymphocytes

There are various types of T-lymphocytes:

Helper T cells (Th cells) - they coordinate the reaction. Some communicate with different cells, and some stimulate B cells to produce a large number of antibodies. Others attract many T cells or phagocytes that feed on cells.

Killer T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) - because, as the name implies, these T cells attack different cells. they are significantly useful for fighting viruses. They work by recognizing tiny elements of the virus on the surface of infected cells and destroy infected cells.

Immunity

The system of each person is completely different, however, as a rule, it becomes stronger throughout adulthood, since by now we have been exposed to many pathogenic microorganisms and have developed great immunity.

That is why adolescents and adults are usually prone to being sick, usually less than children. Once the associated protein has been created, a replica remains in the body so that if an identical substance appears again, it is processed very quickly.

That's why for some diseases, such as smallpox, you simply dig once because the body contains protein of smallpox, prepared and awaiting its destruction at the next admission. it is often called immunity.

There are 3 types of immunity in humans, known as congenital, adaptive, and passive:

1.     Innate immunity

We are all born with some level of immunity to invaders. The human immune system, like many other animals, can attack foreign invaders from day one. This resistance includes the external barriers of our body - the main line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms - such as the skin and mucous membranes of the throat and intestines.

This answer is much common and non-specific. If the infectious agent manages to avoid the innate system, accommodation or immunity is activated.

2.     Adaptive (acquired) immunity

This shield from pathogens develops as we tend to undergo life. Since we tend to be susceptible to disease or become immune, we tend to create a library of antibodies to completely different pathogens. it is often, as a rule, brought up as immunological memory, because our system remembers previous enemies.

3.     Passive immunity

This type of immunity is “borrowed” from another source; however, this does not last forever. for example, the baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta before birth and into breast milk after birth. This acquired immunity protects the child from certain infections during the first years of his life.

Immunization

An immunization introduces antigens or attenuated pathogens to a person in such a simple way that the person does not get sick, but still produces antibodies. as a result, the body stores copies of antibodies, it is protected if the threat should appear later in life.

Immune system disorders

Since the system is thus advanced, there are several potential ways in which it can make a mistake. types of immune disorder fall into 3 categories:

Immune deficiency

They occur when one or more elements of the system do not work. Immunodeficiencies will be caused in a variety of ways, along with age, obesity, and alcoholism. In developing countries, scarce diseases can be a common cause. AIDS is an associated example of an associated hereditary immunological disorder.

In some cases, immunodeficiencies can be inherited, for example, with chronic malaise, when the phagocytes do not function properly.

Autoimmune reaction

Under reaction conditions, the system mistakenly targets healthy cells, rather than foreign pathogens or defective cells. in this state, they cannot distinguish themselves from the not-self.

Autoimmune diseases include a disorder, sorting out a single polygenic disease, rheumatism, and Graves' malaise.

Hypersensitivity

With hypersensitivity, the system over-reacts very much with a method that damages healthy tissues. An associated example is an anaphylaxis, when the body reacts to an associated substance, thus convincingly that it will be critical.

In the shell

The system is incredibly complex and absolutely essential for our survival. many completely different systems and cell types add excellent synchronization (most of the time) throughout the body to discard pathogens and cleanse dead cells.